The United States Constitution is the single most important document in America. It has historical, philosophical, legal and political significance. Moreover, there is no document like this in the world. As a result, it has evoked many different responses from people all over the world ranging from the positive to the negative. Some people look to the Constitution with nothing but respect and admiration while others look on it with scorn and disgust.
Many people wonder what the LDS perspective is towards the U.S. Constitution since Mormons were not always treated well in American history and were denied the protections it promised in the document. Although the LDS faith was not in existence when the Constitution was drafted, Mormons are well known for their
patriotic dedication to the Constitution and the founding fathers:
Latter-day Saints have long been regarded by people outside their
faith as among the most patriotic citizens of the nations in which they
reside. Nowhere does this perception exist more strongly than in the
United States of America. Yale University humanities professor Harold
Bloom is typical of non-Mormon intellectuals and academics in his
description of Latter-day Saints as the "most American" of all religions
(The American Religion, Simon & Schuster, 1992). During the
20th and 21st Centuries Latter-day Saints have typically been
over-represented among U.S. Senators, Representatives and Governors.
And
yet, there were no Latter-day Saints among America's "Founding
Fathers." The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints was founded on
6 April 1830, a full 54 years after the signing of the Declaration of
Independence, and 43 years after the Constitutional Convention of 1787.
There were Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Congregationalists, Quakers,
Dutch Reformed, Lutherans, Huguenots, Methodists and even a Unitarian
and a few Catholics among the nation's Founding Fathers... but there
were no Mormons.
Nor did the Founding Fathers have the
opportunity to join the Church when it was finally organized in 1830.
All but one of the Founding Fathers had died by then. Charles Carroll of
Maryland was the last surviving signer of the Declaration of
Independence to pass away: on 14 November 1832. He was a 93-year-old
Catholic living in Baltimore, Maryland at the time the Church of Jesus
Christ of Latter-day Saints was organized, and he died before Latter-day
Saint missionaries went to his city.
Suffice it say,
Latter-day Saints did not have an opportunity to participate in the
founding events of the new nation, and the Founding Fathers never had
the opportunity to become Latter-day Saints. (How the Founding Fathers
would have viewed the Saints is another question altogether. Over 90% of
the Founding Fathers remained faithfully within the denominations of
their birth throughout their lifetime and never converted religiously.)
Despite the fact that the religion was not in existence when the
Constitution was created, members of the Church of Jesus Christ of
Latter Day Saints think highly of the founding fathers and the
Constitution.
Latter-day Saints today regard the
Founding Fathers as among the most important, most ethical individuals
in history. They believe that the Declaration of Independence and the
U.S. Constitution are divinely intended documents which were "inspired"
(although not the revealed Word of God in the same sense as the New
Testament and other scriptures).
Why do Mormons revere the Constitution? It can be traced back to
Joseph Smith. If he were alive today, he would be considered a strong
conservative and most likely be labeled a T.E.A. patriot due to his
love for the U.S. Constitution.
As a result for his love and devotion to the U.S. Constitution, the
Prophet outlined the Church's belief regarding governments and laws in
general and it become part of LDS scriptures in
D&C 134.
However,
Joseph Smith and subsequent LDS Church leaders have taught that the
U.S. Constitution is a divinely inspired document which is a
concept that is rarely taught at any educational level including law schools:
The idea of an inspired Constitution is rare in contemporary
public discourse and wholly absent from contemporary
constitutional and historical scholarship. Seeking to discern the
hand of divinity in America's beginnings, however, was once
common not only in popular rhetoric but also among eminent
nineteenth-century historians such as George Bancroft. Perhaps
even more important is the repeated acknowledgment of divine aid
by America's founding fathers. Notably, George Washington
frequently expressed gratitude to God for felicitous
circumstances surrounding the rise of the United States and chose
the occasion of his first inaugural address to recognize the
providential character of the framing of the Constitution:
No people can be bound to acknowledge and adore the
invisible hand which conducts the affairs of men, more than
the People of the United States. Every step by which they
have advanced to the character of an independent nation seems
to have been distinguished by some token of providential
agency. And in the important revolution just accomplished in
the system of their united government, the tranquil
deliberations and voluntary consent of so many distinct
communities, from which the event has resulted, cannot be
compared with the means by which most governments have been
established, without some return of pious gratitude, along
with an humble anticipation of the future blessings which the
past [blessings] seem to presage [W. Allen, ed., George
Washington: A Collection, p. 461. Indianapolis, Ind., 1988].
LDS teaching and revelation are in harmony with this
self-understanding of the founding generation. Latter-day Saints
believe that the Lord established the Constitution, not by
communicating specific measures through oracles, but by raising
up and inspiring wise men to this purpose (see D&C 101:80).
This emphasis on the extraordinary character of the American
founders—and perhaps, more generally, on the founding
generation as a whole—accords with assessments by
contemporaries, as well as by later students of the period.
Thomas Jefferson, then U.S. ambassador to France, described the
Constitutional Convention of 1787 as "an assembly of
demigods." More than forty years later, Alexis de
Tocqueville, the noted French observer of American society,
included the American people as a whole in his praise of the
founding:
That which is new in the history of societies is to see a
great people, warned by its lawgivers that the wheels of
government are stopping, turn its attention on itself without
haste or fear, sound the depth of the ill, and then wait for
two years to find the remedy at leisure, and then finally,
when the remedy has been indicated, submit to it voluntarily
without its costing humanity a single tear or drop of blood
[Vol. 1, p. 113].
This understanding of the divine inspiration of the
Constitution as mediated through the human wisdom of the founders
and the founding generation invites the inference that new needs
and circumstances might require the continued exercise of
inspired human wisdom by statesmen and citizens alike. LDS
leaders have taught that the Constitution is not to be considered
perfect and complete in every detail (as evidenced most clearly
by its accommodation with slavery, contrary to modern scripture;
e.g., D&C 101:79) but as subject to development and
adaptation. It was part of the wisdom of the founders to forbear
from attempting to decide too much; they therefore provided
constitutional means for constitutional amendment. President
Brigham Young explained that the Constitution "is a
progressive—a gradual work"; the founders "laid
the foundation, and it was for after generations to rear the
superstructure upon it" (JD 7:13-15).
While
Mormons believe it to be a divinely inspired document, they do not
believe that it is a perfect document. Joseph Smith himself stated that
the Constitution was imperfect. Not only do Mormons
believe the Constitution to be imperfect, but it is not be given the
same kind of respect and reverence scriptures get. Dallin H. Oaks, a
well known LDS lawyer and one of the leaders of the LDS Church explained
that the U.S Constitution
is not to be considered the same as scripture:
Reverence for the United States Constitution is so great that sometimes
individuals speak as if its every word and phrase had the same standing
as scripture. Personally, I have never considered it necessary to defend
every line of the Constitution as scriptural. For example, I find
nothing scriptural in the compromise on slavery or the minimum age or
years of citizenship for congressmen, senators, or the president.
That
is, from the general label "divinely inspired ," some assume that the
Constitution is tantamount to scripture, and therefore perfect in every
respect, reflecting in every provision and every sentence the will of
our Heavenly Father, just as is true of the Book of Mormon or the
Doctrine and Covenants. That view cannot withstand analysis. Our
Constitution has some provisions that are not only not divine, they are
positively repulsive. The classic example is contained in Article V,
which guaranteed as a matter of constitutional right that the slave
trade would continue through at least the year 1808. There are other
provisions that are not as offensive as the slavery guarantee, but they
were quite clearly bad policy, and certainly were not divinely inspired
in the same sense as are the scriptures. Moreover, regarding the
Constitution as tantamount to scripture is difficult to square with the
fact that our republic has functioned very well, probably even better,
after at least one of its original provisions (requiring United States
senators to be elected by their respective state legislatures rather
than by the people at large) was amended out of existence by the
Seventeenth Amendment.
As an attorney and as someone who enjoys politics, I am aware of the different perspectives that people have towards the Constitution. Some people view it as a perfect and infallible document while others believe it to be a very flawed, unfair, and incomplete document. I believe that Mormons have a unique, pragmatic, patriotic yet realistic view of the U.S. Constitution and that this document is significant in LDS theology. What is even more interesting is that despite how Mormons were treated in early American history, we have always kept a positive view of the Constitution.
I hope this short little blog will be helpful as voters continue to learn about Mitt Romney. I believe what I have outlined here reflects Mitt Romney's beliefs about the Constitution since it reflects the majority of the LDS perspective towards that document. Moreover, Mitt Romney has a legal background since he obtained his law degree and business degree from Harvard.